(2ª. de cuatro partes)

The final blow to the Yugoslav Federation was exerted
through the clause of the November 1990 U.S. Foreign
Appropriations Bill that stipulated the ending of all loans,
trade and aid to the Yugoslav Federation within six months
of the passage of the legislation. Funding would not resume
to the region until and unless each of six constituent
Republics held separate, independent elections, the results
of which the State Department would have approved as
congruent with U.S. national interests (Chossudovsky, M.,
1996). This directive sharpened the federal budgetary crisis
and contributed to the dismantling of the federal financial
and fiscal structures. It contributed as well to the
relinquishing of the system of socially owned self-managed
enterprises in Yugoslavia, accelerating the process of
#OOPS#’s restoration. At the time, there was still
peace in Yugoslavia. Within six months after the passing of
this bill, both Slovenia and Croatia unilaterally declared
their independence and violently seceded from the Yugoslav
Federation. This was the beginning of the bloody civil war.

The external co-instigators of the civil war in SFRY
punished just one internal participant in it by imposing a
strangulating monetary and economic blockade beginning in
November 1991 (Mauthner, R., Silber, R., 1991) just on
Serbia and Montenegro (until the new government of the
second Republic that remained within FRY began to implement
separatist policies as well), implicating that Serbia was
the only guilty party for the war. The TNC and financial
oligarchy froze the foreign assets, restricted payment
operations and forbade the extension of new credits,
investments and trade to one more supposedly “rogue” state
whose government allegedly is violating “human rights and
freedoms”. Western neoliberal advocates of “open markets”
and self-proclaimed defenders of “human rights”, thus
violated again the basic human right to survival by imposing
the blockade.

The monetary and trade blockade caused drastic reduction of
industrial production and further exacerbated ethnic
tensions, since the unemployed youth were recruited by
extremist militants on all sides. The monetary blockade also
provoked the criminalisation of the entire state apparatuses
and growth of black and grey economy, corruption, smuggling
and general anomie. Taking convertible currency, gold, and
other forms of money capital out of the country became the
only way of doing business transactions possible, since
domestic banks were deprived of the possibility to extend
internationally valid guarantees. The very same banks that
were implementing the monetary blockade were the banks into
which private business persons or state officials
transferred domestic capital. They often continued to do
business outside the country with the country of origin
through earlier forged business connections, usurping the
money that did not belong to them. Many went bankrupt,
leaving the usurped capital for ever out of the domestic
economy. After it has lost foreign markets, the more and
more exhausted economy remained exposed to the lack of
liquidity and rising inflation blows.

A criminalised state which did not efficiently fight crime,
collect income and custom taxes, became ever less able to
pay for the army, police, health, education and other budget
social services. Society became divided in tiny part of
criminalised businesspersons, economically ruined stratum of
highly educated professionals who did not play any more the
role of the stabilising mediating stratum, and the majority
finding itself on or below the poverty line.

If and when the embargoed society succumbs to economic
pressure and becomes “co-operative” in order to get the
“approval” and “help” from the perpetrators of the embargo,
it is under degrading and unfavourable conditions. In the
case of Yugoslavia, US Secretary of State Colin Powel
demanded transfer of the former head of State to the
jurisdiction of the NATO-sponsored ICTY Tribunal, placing
it above the jurisdiction of Yugoslavia’s national legal
system, as condition for the US administration’s support for
the international donors’ conference (International Herald
Tribune, April 4). US $ 1.3 billion “donation” consists
mainly of new loans for the repayment of the old external
debt that grew from $4.7 billion in 1991 to some $12 billion
in 2000 on the basis of compound interest rates during nine
years of sanctions (Chossudovsky, Michael, 2001a). The Prime
Minister of Serbia Zoran Djindjic executed the abduction and
extradition of former president Milosevic, braking
constitutional, democratic and moral principles in order to
secure donation conference and demonstrate readiness “to
promote Western course despite the NATO bombing”. He
declared to German Der Spiegel (edition of July 16 2001),
that he was “shocked” with the “farce” of “western aid” when
he was informed that out of the 300 million Euros instalment
for the 3 billion DM promised by EU while he was in
opposition in return for Milosevic’s fall, 225 million would
be held back to service the debt incurred by Tito
government.

Society ends up in a debt slavery repaying the credits
derived in great part from the capital taken out of the
country and deposited in foreign banks during the blockade.

It is important to notice that governments which are “co-
operative” from the beginning and succumb to economic
dictates of TNC capital before the drastic aggression
instruments of embargo and bombing are implemented like in
Bulgaria, do not avoid exploitation of local resources,
disenfranchisement of the population and catastrophic
worsening of its living standard.

Covert military actions in combination with overt diplomatic
instruments

Countries whose governments attempt to uphold their state
sovereignty and to retain control over national market and
resources are often undermined in their efforts. In the case
of Yugoslavia, the economic instruments of aggression were
accompanied by U.S., German and other NATO member states’
intelligence agencies’ covert manufacturing, financial
support, arming and training of local terrorist groups
willing to cooperate with NATO against such governments.
Covert military activity has become already routine in
strategically important regions all over the globe, like
Indochina, Central America, Caribbean, Middle East, Central
Asia. Local groups that are expected to become compliant
clients of their patrons, are financed mainly through the
laundering and recycling of billions of dirty money
collected by narcotic, women and other illicit traders and
organised crime syndicates. This is done through the
extension of fat commissions by the anonymous shell
companies to the most respected banks in the international
banking system (McCoy, Alfred W., 1991)

It is important to notice that NATO member states’
intelligence and other agencies are co-operating in the
exercise of these covert forms of aggression for the common
interests of the TNC and financial oligarchy which has
permanent residence in these states. The official diplomacy
of these countries regularly denies any links to organised
crime through covert activities of respective intelligence
agencies.

Review of covert and diplomatic activities in (former)
Yugoslavia

The geographically and chronologically ordered review of the
covert military and overt diplomatic activities of NATO
member states’ governmental and non-governmental agencies on
the territory of former Yugoslavia since the 1970s,
confirms the thesis that besides common interest in
“imperialist condominium”(Johnstone, Diana, 1998), their
respective national interests for extension of their own
spheres of interest are mutually competitive.

Croatia
In line with Germany's “Lebensraum” expansion plans in
“Mitteleuropa” and the Balkans and the revengeful revision
of the results of the Second World War, the Bundes
Nachrichten Dienst (BND) began its clandestine work already
in the seventies and intensified it in the eighties. It
first helped the covert arming and afterwards contributed
to an official recognition of the two north-western,
predominantly catholic Republics. The weapons came from
former East Germany’s stocks through Hungary after the
dissolution of the Warsaw Pact. This was done in a shady
cooperation with the Second World War fascist and nazi
emigrants and arms and other illicit traders (Bodansky,
Yossef, 1995).

The arming of separatists had the most disastrous
consequences in Croatia with high concentration of Serb
population in the Vojna Krajina and Slavonija region.
Tudjman’s Croat Democratic Union dominated the Croatian
government elected in 1990 and claimed almost without any
qualification the continuity with the Independent State of
Croatia. It was the Hitler’s Third Reich puppet creation
that included entire Bosnia and Herzegovina, hereinafter
B&H), within which were executed hundreds of thousands of
Serbs and dissenting affiliates of other ethnic groups
during the Second World War. Proclamation of the new 1990
Croat Constitution that denied the Serbs the status of
constitutive nation and a wave of violent attacks on their
life, dignity and property in Croatia, aroused their fears
that history was repeating itself (Collon, Michel, 1997).

At the time of the signing of EU Maastricht agreement in
December 1991, Germany’s Foreign Minister Genscher pressured
Western allies to recognise Slovenia and Croatia, even
though they did not fulfil the conditions previously set by
EC (guarantee of minority rights and special status to
certain regions; no unilateral change of borders; negotiated
general settlement (“Treaty Provisions for the Convention”,
1991). Thus, the EU and the US leaders soon afterwards,
legitimised the violent separatism and recognised the right
to self determination to particular federal Republics of
Yugoslavia within their internal administrative borders.
They consequently reduced the right to self determination to
Serbs, who lived the most dispersed of all constitutive
peoples of Yugoslavia in several federal units. EU and US
leaders consequently trampled the principle of non-
violability of internationally recognised borders of
Yugoslavia and opened the Pandora’s box of the war complex
disaster in South-eastern Europe and beyond. Leadership of
weakened Russia has allowed it to happen, even though Russia
is threatened as well by violent separatism supported from
outside.

Driven by the U.S. own “sphere of influence” expansion
plans, CIA joined BND since the beginning of the nineties in
the creation, financing, arming and training of the local
separatist and terrorist proxy armies to be used for
creation of the neo-colonial protectorates on the territory
of the former Yugoslav Federation torn apart.

The U.S. innovation is the execution of this covert
operations through the mediation of the former US Army
personnel organised in a Rent-a-Soldier private company
Military Professional Resources Incorporated (MPRI), headed
by former US Army Chief of Staff Gen. Carl E. Vuono and
headquartered in Alexandria, Virginia (http://www.mpri.com)/.
It operates in the shadow of the US government, especially
its intelligence and military branches, but these links can
conveniently be denied. Its first engagement by the State
Department or at least with its tacit approval, was training
of Croat army and foreign mercenaries for covert military
preparation of August 1995 “Operation Storm”. It was
operation of ethnic cleansing of Serb population from their
centuries-old homesteads in UN protected Krajina and
Slavonia zones in Croatia. It was the biggest single act of
forced expulsion after the Second World War. Somewhat
unexpectedly even Richard Holbrooke confirmed the existence
of US involvement in “Operation Storm” by quoting another
American diplomat, Robert Frasure, who was killed in a car
accident, as having said in connection to this operation:
“Dick, we hired these guys to be our junk yard dogs”.
(Holbrooke, John, 1998p.72; for details see Raimundo,
Justin, 2001)

Bosnia and Herzegovina

Belatedly Western European media admit (for example “Allies
and Lies: Correspondent, Sunday, BBC News 2/ 24th June 2001)
that the Bosnian Muslim army was covertly supplied with arms
by the US during the 1990s. The reason for this revelation
is dissatisfaction of EU allies with the fact that US
manipulated NATO to allow US to conduct its own unilateral
policy in the Balkans.

The US military-industrial establishment in the beginning
armed covertly the military formations of the Muslim
president of multiconfessional B&H Alija Izetbegovic. He
declared in his February 1991 speech in the Parliament that
“For independent B&H I would sacrifice peace, but for that
peace in B&H I would not sacrifice its sovereignty”,
(Kovacevic}, Slobodanka, Dajic, Putnik, 1994: 33). This was
contrary to the will of one constitutive people expressed
in the referendum to remain within Yugoslavia. With the
support of US authorities, Alija Izetbegovic vetoed the
Jose Cutillero Plan of 1992 and the Vance-Owen Plan of
1993, as Owen describes in his memoirs. Such policy had as
an effect civil war and ethnic cleansing. This is exactly
what western leaders proclaimed that they wanted to stop by
bombing of regions inhabited mainly by Serbs, after
extremist Muslims staged a massacre at the Marcala
marketplace and blamed it on Serbs. The fact that UN
investigators could not confirm this accusation, stressing
that the mortar shell could not have come from the Serb
positions, was supressed at the time. In this way
Izetbegovic succeeded to realise his strategic political
objective outlined already in 1992: “To get the West to
defeat the Serbs and establish a Muslim dominated state for
him” (Bodansky, Yossef, 1995).

Unreadiness of Serbs to live in such a state becomes easier
to understand when one takes into consideration that
Izetbegovic affirmed intolerantly in his Islamic
Declaration that "there can be no coexistence between Islam religion and
non-Muslim social
and political institutions" in countries in which Muslims represent the
majority of the population.
After the phase of Islamic renaissance this assertion implies the waging of
holly war (dzihad)
against those who do not believe in Allah as the one and only god, in the
phase of political
revolution and power conquering, with the aim of creating "great Islamic
federation from Maroco to
Indonesia" where the Kur'an would be the supreme law (Izetbegovi},
(1970)1990:
22,37,43,46; Jevtic, Miroljub, 1993: 107-114, 216-220).

Izetbegovic’s violent intolerance was experienced also by
the supporters of a moderate secular Muslim leader Fikret
Abdic from Cazinska Krajina in Western Bosnia. Standing for
strong multi-ethnic unity and economic integration, he had
outpolled Izetbegovic in national elections for the Bosnian
collective presidency, but was pushed out and militarily
attacked by radicalised Islamists led by Izetbegovic (Lewis,
Paul: 1993).

In order to understand why the US administration supported
Izetbegovic, it is necessary to take into consideration also
Islamic countries as an important external covert/overt
factor in B&H war disaster. Lawrence Eagleburger, at the
time Acting Secretary of State, explicitly stated in a
MacNeil/Lehrer NewsHour interview on 6 October 1992, that
the US government’s pro-Muslim position in Bosnia is a
counter-effect to the Muslim World’s perception of an anti-
Muslim position regarding Iraq, since in this Muslim
country, sanctions and war kill 300 Iraqis every day, half
children under 5 years old. Some authors go further and
claim that US design is to make the Islamic world part of
“the third American empire” (Heilbrunn, Jacob, Lind,
Michael, 1996).

No matter whether leaders of Islamic countries are in
strained relations with the West like in the case of Iran or
in alliance with it like the cases of Osama Bin Laden in
the past and the ruling regimes in Saudi Arabia and Turkey
in the present, almost all (except in Iraq and Libya),
support extremist Muslims in B&H and in K&M. In a shady
cooperation with the criminal syndicates interested in a
safe passage of drug shipments into Western European
markets, they provide money, weapons, mercenaries and
instructors (ANA, Athens, 28 January 1997; Daily News,
Ankara, 29 January 1997; Deutsche Presse-Agentur, March 13,
1998, Truth in Media, Phoenix, 2 April 1999).


Kosovo and Metohija

After B&H with relative Muslim majority population, the US
clandestine arming and training operations turned toward
Serbian Autonomous Province Kosovo and Metohija
(hereinafter K&M) with absolute local majority of ethnic
Albanian population of predominantly Muslim confession.
Upheld by the activity of the Albanian lobby in the
Congress, U.S. administration also gave tacit support to
the renovated XIX century project of the “Prizren League”
of “Greater Albania”. Already in 1982 the New York Times
summarised the program of Albanian secessionists in this
Province of Serbia: ‘…first to establish what they call an
ethnically clean Albanian republic and then the merger with
Albania to form a greater Albania.’ (Binder, David, 1982:).

When in 1997 a peaceful solution of the conflict between the
moderate Kosovo-Albanians and the Serbian government
concerning the autonomy seemed possible, German and
American secret services stepped up their activities of
helping the organisation, arming and training of “Kosovo
Liberation Army” (hereinafter KLA). US State Department was
informed several months before the bombing in December 21
1998 by U.S. element of the EUR/SCE (202-647-4850) Kosovo
Diplomatic Observer Mission that “... KLA representatives
had threatened to kill villagers and burn their homes if
they did not join the KLA... [T]he KLA harassment has
reached such intensity that residents of six villages in
the Stimlje region are "ready to flee” (quoted in
Chossudovsky, M., 1999b).

What is the reason for U.S. and other NATO countries’ covert
support to Albanian extremists to create an ethnically clean
Greater Albania, that according to some recently published
maps should encompass besides Albania, Serbia’s province
K&M and parts of southern Serbia, FYR Macedonia, Montenegro
and Greece , even though this would have predictably complex
disaster consequences? The answer to this question is
similar in all dependent South-eastern European
protectorates: the profit interest, sometimes mutually
conflicting, of American-British and Continental European
TNC and financial oligarchy. The Greater Albania is meant to
be used as their source of oil and minerals , as part of a
Trans-Balkan AMBO pipeline corridor to the oil-rich Caspian
Sea basin , as an illicit trade cross-roads , and as a
military base for the AMBO pipeline, highway, railway,
electricity and telecommunications “corridor 8 protection”
and further eastward expansion.

Social and economic disaster in Albania caused by
implementation of the IMF and WB free market reforms after
the Democratic Party of Sali Berisha with the stronghold in
Northern Albania and associated with the Guegue “families”
or “fares” came to power at the beginning of 1992, created
favourable conditions for arms to be smuggled mainly from
Albania to K&M. This was done through the ruling Party’s
“Shqiponja” company and the state security police.
Triangular illicit and often direct barter trading in oil,
drugs and arms thrives despite the presence since 1993 of a
large contingent of American troops at the Albanian-FYR
MACEDONIA border with an overt mandate to enforce the arms’
embargo. Laundering of drug money of Albanian and Italian
Mafia through the shady privatisation and investment funds
or banking pyramid schemes like large VEFA Holdings,
prospered with at least tacit support of Western banking
interests (Barry, James,1994; Gumbel, Andrew, 1997: “The
Gangster Regime We Fund”, The Independent, February 14).

The training of terrorists presented as "freedom fighters"
is still mainly provided by MPRI. Agim Ceku, a Croatian
general of Albanian descent, after “Operation storm” in
Croatia was sent to K&M, to become the chief-of-staff of the
KLA in May 1999, and finally a head of supposedly disarmed
and civilian Kosovo Protection Corps. He was given an UN
passport giving him diplomatic immunity, in spite of the
fact that he became "an alleged war criminal" according to
the files of the Hague Tribunal(Chossudovsky, Michel,
2001b).

FYR Macedonia
The German dominated EU attempted to counteract the
striving of U.S. and British oil giants and military-
industrial complex to influence the countries surrounding
the AMBO pipeline corridor, through the policy of "NATO
enlargement". EU (except Britain) started its own push at
“enlargement” through planning the signing of
“stabilisation and association agreement" (SAA) with FYR
Macedonia. The assaults of Albanian terrorists in FYR
Macedonia gained momentum just a few weeks before the
signing of this agreement in mid March, simultaneously as
Robert Frowick, "a former US diplomat", was appointed to
head the OSCE mission in FYR Macedonia. He initiated a
“dialogue” with NLA rebel leader Ali Ahmeti and brokered an
agreement with the leaders of the Albanian parties, which
formed part of the government coalition, demanding
ultimately constitutional changes and incorporation of NLA
into civilian politics. The ensuing blockade of FYR
Macedonian government and deterioration of security
situation provided again an excuse for increased US
military interference and contributed to weakening of FYR
Macedonia’s ties to EU. Michael Chossudovsky asserts that
“Washington's design is to open up the entire corridor to
US multinationals in a region situated in the European
Union's "economic backyard", where the power of the
Deutsche mark tends to dominate over that of the US
dollar... And behind this process is the quest by Wall
Street's financial establishment --in alliance with the
defense and oil giants-- to destabilise and discredit the
Deutsche mark (and the Euro) with a view to imposing the US
dollar as the sole currency for the region. Control over
"money creation" --imposing the rule of the US Federal
Reserve system throughout the World-- has become a central
feature of US expansionism.” (Chossudovsky, Michel, 2001c)

It is amply documented that US military advisers in
cooperation with former British SAS and Parachute Regiment
officers are covertly training, supplying with sophisticated
arms and logistically supporting the National Liberation
Army (NLA). This is just another derivative of KLA, with at
least 20% common fighters employed this time for subversion
and break up of FYR Macedonia. The “rescue” of the heavily
armed NLA by American 3/502nd Airborne Battalion at
Aracinovo, a town near the capital city of Skoplje is
explained by the need to save 17 “instructors”, former US
officers including retired four-star generals, among the
withdrawing terrorists (Raimondo, Justin, 2001). The fact
that German troops stationed in FYR Macedonia in the Tetovo
region were in mid March 2001 targeted by the NLA, suggests
that Germany's BND is not any more collaborating with the
CIA in overseeing and financing of KLA and the like
terrorist groups in the Southern Balkans.

Americans are simultaneously supplying the FYR Macedonian
government troops as well, in accordance with the overt
State Department policy to preserve FYR Macedonia. Until
recently its leaders were praised for having incorporated
Albanian parties in the government and for full cooperation
with NATO troops. Presently representatives of FYR
Macedonian government are complaining that US, EU, NATO and
UN envoys forced it to accept under military pressure of
armed terrorists coming from Kosovo Protection Corps ,
constitutional “reforms” allowing de facto partition of FYR
Macedonia. This kind of double covert/overt policy risks to
get out of control if the local U.S. proxy terrorist and
drug trafficking forces one day turn against their NATO
financiers and tutors, like Osama Bin Laden's terrorists.

Indicator that among American officials there exists the
awareness of this danger is the fact that KLA /NLA terrorism
and drug dealings are from time to time admitted even by
U.S. special envoys like Robert Gelbard and Christopher Hill
(Smucker, Philip, Butcher, Tim, 1999). The authors
explicitly stating that the West must “contain the monster
of its own making", go even further (Rory Carroll, 2001).

Mass media in combination with (il)legal instruments

An indispensable ingredient for the realisation of the TNC
and financial oligarchy’s strategic aims in any region of
the world, South-Eastern Europe and Yugoslavia included, is
the preparation of public opinion to accept, first, the IMF
and WB “free market” model of social reproduction
regulation as a cure for all social ills, and, second, NATO
illegal and immoral aggression on allegedly “rogue” states
as legal, ethically motivated and unavoidable. These two
functions in the targeted region are performed by many
small locally recruited and foreign financed mass media
companies. Such indoctrinating shaping of the Western
public opinion in accordance with the prevalent “spirit of
the time”, is the task of the world’s biggest media
companies like NBC, owned and thus dominated by interests
of large military contractors like General Electric.

Experts for propaganda warfare in the mass media are
targeting the subconsciousness of the viewers, in order to
distract their attention from real sources of problems to
amusement or demonised sacrificial lambs. Almost
imperceptibly they inculcate the doctrinal system, values
and perception of the world reflecting interests of the
capital, while the will of direct producers to resist to
its absolute control is subverted.

The powerful western mass media companies are interested
the most to get the control over local electronic media,
since the impoverished people, who do not have money to buy
nor time to read analytical newspapers, are being exposed
to just one source of (dis)information. Foreign financed
domestic electronic media incessantly repeated the
suggestion that fresh capital would flow into the country
the minute the “non-cooperative” and “undemocratic”
government was toppled. In situation of unemployment and of
poverty of catastrophic proportions, as well as of arrogant
and immodest behaviour of careerists and profiteers who
opportunistically joined the ruling parties in order to
augment and preserve their fortunes , this campaign
succeeded to mobilise the destitute population to demand
through mass demonstrations “changes” in order to live
again “normally” without sanctions and bombs.

The carefully prepared mass media election campaigns
accusing in advance the incumbent government for fraud, and
the subsequent “live” broadcasting of setting fire to the
national Television building and Parliament, conveniently
burning the election documentation and making it impossible
to check whether the new president really passed the
required 50% of votes in the first round of September 27
2000 Yugoslav presidential election, played an important
role in the transformation of external interference into
internal affairs, into domestic policy. Months after
committed adherents of the new ruling parties were placed
into ruling positions in all state controlled institutions,
both local and foreign media continue accusation against
the previous government as the sole cause of the disastrous
state of the economy. They avoid to publicise or downplay
the fact that previous government mobilised domestic
resources and organised successful rebuilding and
reconstruction of more than 50 bridges, started a program
to build 100,000 apartments for young couples, stimulated
industrial and agricultural production and export, as well
as kept the prices of basic consumer goods low in
accordance with the low buying power of the population.
After October 5 2000, however, a 10% fall in industrial
production and even greater fall in export occurred, with
simultaneous enormous rise of all prices, in spite of
better conditions in the surrounding. One of the most
important tasks of both local and global mass media at the
moment is to deflect public attention from the ongoing
process of privatisation at rock bottom prices and attack
of capital on the social rights of labor.


Unlike elsewhere in the world, the affiliates of the Muslim religious
community in SFRY (a legacy from the time of conversion of Orthodox and
Catholic Christians during the Ottoman occupation) were proclaimed to be
a nation according to 1971 Constitutional amendments. Since the 1990s
civil war, Izetbegovic and his supporters conducted a campaign for
renaming of the same population after the toponym into “Bosnjaci” with
the aim of presenting themselves as the only “rightful” inhabitants of
Bosnia and Herzegovina. The expansionist purpose behind this renaming is
evident in Raska region in Serbia with high concentration of population
that declared itself as Muslim since the 1971 Constitutional amendments.
Their political leaders who follow the political line of Alija
Izetbegovic are increasingly using the new name “Bosnjaci” for Muslims
in Serbia as well.
Serbia was the only republic administratively divided into three parts
under former Yugoslav Constitution. Creation of two autonomous
provinces within Serbia was justified by the existence of considerable
Albanian minority (local majority) in K&M and Hungarian minority in
Vojvodina. Croatia was not administratively divided in Second
Yugoslavia even though it had an Italian minority in Istra and during
the greatest part of its history it was divided into Dalmatia,
Slavonia and Croatia, while so called Military Krajina had Serb local
majority even before Osmanli occupation (Orthodox monastery Krupa for
instance was built in 1317, and monastery Krka in 1350).
In March 1989 were enacted Amendments to the Constitution of the SR of
Serbia, which did not abolish their autonomous status, but only the
possibility of the parliamentarians in K&M and Voyvodina to pass laws,
judge and administer in the provinces without any interference of
parliamentarians from so called Serbia “proper”, and at the same time
to participate, with the right of veto in the parliament of the
Republic of Serbia. Since the adoption of the new Constitution on 28
September 1990, many Albanians boycotted the Serbian state
institutions and refused to participate in all parliamentary
elections. They did not use their numerical predominance in the
Province to obtain control of local power because their leaders helped
by foreign powers mobilised them to fight for secession from Serbia.
Belgrade daily Glas Javnosti (The Voice of the Public) on March 31
2001 published a map of the new borders in the Balkans that was
reportedly drawn by the Balkanological Institute in Washington and
that during the meeting of the representative of Pentagon, Foreign
Office, White House, CIA, Lord D. Owen and Henry Kissinger held in
Washington on March 28 2001, there were talks about the reconstruction
of the Balkans. According to this map the division of K&M on southern
Albanian and northern Serbian part is envisaged, Serbia and Montenegro
would remain unitary state that would incorporate also Republika Srpska
in B&H and part of the coast near Prevlaka under the name of “Serbian
territories”. Albania would get part of K&M and FYR Macedonia , and one
part of Bulgaria would fall to Turkey and part of Rumunia to Hungary,
while the Muslim part of B&H would become independent state, and
Croatian part of B&H would join with Croatia.
Western oil companies including Occidental, Shell and British
Petroleum are interested in Albania's and K&M’s abundant and unexplored
oil-deposits. Western investors including German and US competing
mining companies like Preussag and Macalloy Inc., are also interested
in extensive reserves of chrome, copper, gold, nickel and platinum
(Chossudovsky, Michel, 1998).
Trepca mining complex in K&M was occupied by KFOR/NATO forces while
demonised S. Milosevic was still in power, as they were advised to do
in a report "Trepca: Making Sense of the Labyrinth" by Soros funded
International Crisis Group, so that this takeover could be also blamed
on him (Johnstone, Diana. 2000).
The Trans-Balkan pipeline project linking the Bulgarian Black Sea
port of Burgas through FYR Macedonia to Vlore on the Albanian
Adriatic coastline, is controlled by the Anglo-American AMBO
pipeline consortium including BP-Amoco-ARCO, Chevron and Texaco. It
is linked with the US Vice President Dick Cheney’s firm Halliburton
Energy and its British subsidiary Brown & Root Ltd that made the
feasibility study, as well as with the New York law firm that
President William J. Clinton joined when he left the White House. It
largely excludes the participation of continental Europe's oil giant
Total-Fina-Elf-ENI, intending to weaken the role of the European
competing business interests (Talbot, Karen, 2001).
Similar competition exists between the US defence industry closely
related to British Aerospace Systems (BaeS), on the one side, and the
Franco-German defence consortium EADS, a conglomerate composed of
France's Aerospatiale Matra, Deutsche Aerospace, which is part of the
powerful Daimler group, and Spain's CASA.
According to the US Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA), "it is
estimated that 4-6 metric tons of heroin leave each month from Turkey
having [through the Balkans] as destination Western Europe."( Daily
News, Ankara, 5 March 1997).
According to Germany’s Federal Criminal Agency, "Ethnic Albanians are
now the most prominent group in the distribution of heroin in Western
consumer countries." (Boyes, Roger, Wright, Eske, 1999). According to
The Guardian (March 25, 1997), Albanian criminal groups operating in
Milan, "have become so powerful running prostitution rackets that they
have even taken over the Calabrians in strength and influence."
Robert D. Kaplan revealed military-strategic underlying interest
behind the NATO K&M intervention one month before the bombing: "With
the Middle East increasingly fragile, we will need bases and fly-over
rights in the Balkans to protect Caspian Sea oil." (Kaplan, Robert,
1999).
After signing of Dayton peace agreement that stopped the war in B&H,
it seamed that U.S. government planned to turn B&H into the main
American military base in Europe and transfer the U.S. forces stationed
in Germany where they are regarded as unwelcome reminder of occupation
after defeat in WWII, to $1.3 billion worth contracted military
barracks and latrines at Tuzla (Ramati, Yohanan, 1996). Building of the
Camp Bondsteel in K&M, a 775-acre military city near Urosevac at a
cost of $32 million (The Times of London, 6 Oct 1999), suggests that
the correct prediction about the major and long-term commitment of
American troops to the Balkan region (The Washington Post, 5 Oct.
1999), might be realized further south-east. However, in order to avoid
casualties, about 4860 US troops are not allowed to leave this base
(Jatras, Stella, 2000b)
Clinton's Energy Secretary Bill Richardson barely a few months
prior to the 1999 bombing of Yugoslavia highlighted the protection of
US national interest in the sphere of energy: "This is about
America's energy security… It's also about preventing strategic
inroads by those who don't share our values. We're trying to move
these newly independent countries toward the west… We would like to
see them reliant on western commercial and political interests rather
than going another way. We've made a substantial political investment
in the Caspian, and it's very important to us that both the pipeline
map and the politics come out right." (Moribot, George, “A Discreet
Deal in the Pipeline”, The Guardian, 15 February 2001.
US Trade and Development Agency's (TDA) South Balkan Development
Initiative (SBDI) was "designed to help Albania, Bulgaria and FYR
Macedonia further develop and integrate their transportation
infrastructure along the east-west corridor (8) that connects them.
"Memoranda of understanding" (MOU) have already been signed with the
governments of Albania, Bulgaria and Macedonia stating that AMBO would
be the only party allowed to build the planned Burgas-Vlore oil
pipeline with “the exclusive right” to negotiate with investors in and
creditors of the project. It also obligates the governments of
Bulgaria, Macedonia and Albania not to disclose certain confidential
information on the pipeline project
(http://www.tda.gov/region/sbdi.html).
NLA commanders “Snake” and “Mouse” proudly displayed in August 2001
to the Canadian reporter Taylor Scott of the Esprit de Corps Magazine
their unit’s impressive arsenal including night vision goggles and 120
mm mortars. The first concluded: “Thanks to Uncle Sam, the Macedonians
are no match for us” (http://emperors-chlothes.com/docs/insult.htm)
The London Times reported on June 10 2001 that in early March, Agim
Ceku ordered 800 former KLA reservists from Kosovo to enter Macedonia
to help their fellow Albanians in their rebellion against the
government there. After 600 new members of a Kosovo Protection Corps
supported by Kosovo's international civil administration had crossed
into Macedonia on Saturday August 11 2001 and attacked government
forces, Prime Minister Ljubco Georgievski accused the United Nations
protectorate of Kosovo of waging war against Macedonia in a letter to
UN Secretary General Kofi Annan (http://sg.news.yahoo.com/
010812/1/1bej4.html)
This was admitted by Mr. Zivadin Jovanovic, Vice-president of the
Head Committee of the Socialist Party of Serbia at the solemn session
of the Head Committee, on July 16, 2001 (http://sps.org.yu)/.
14


PostYugpo3 (3rd part)